The Different Stages of Fasting

Intermittent fasting refers to eating patterns that cycle between periods of eating and fasting. Although several forms of intermittent fasting exist, most involve abstaining from food for periods of 16–24 hours at a time.

When practicing fasting, your body moves through the fed-fast cycle, which is characterized by changes in your metabolism and hormone levels. This cycle is not only responsible for the metabolic changes that occur during intermittent fasting but also credited with providing some of its health benefits.

This article takes a look at the different stages of fasting.

1. Fed state

The fed state occurs within the first few hours after eating as your body digests and absorbs nutrients from food.

During this period, your blood sugar levels increase and higher amounts of insulin are secreted. Insulin is the hormone responsible for transporting sugar from your bloodstream into your cells. The amount of insulin released depends on the composition of your meal, the amount of carbs consumed, and how sensitive your body is to insulin.

Extra glucose (sugar) is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. Glycogen is your body’s primary form of stored carbs, and it can be converted back into sugar as a source of energy as needed.

During this time, levels of other hormones, including leptin and ghrelin, also shift.

Ghrelin is a type of hormone that stimulates hunger, and its levels decrease after you eat. Meanwhile, leptin, which has an appetite-suppressing effect, increased after eating.

Note that the fed-fast cycle resets back to the fed state as soon as food is consumed during a fast.

Also, the size and composition of your meal affect how long your body remains in the fed state.

2. Early fasting state

Around 3–4 hours after eating, your body transitions into the early fasting state, which lasts until around 18 hours after eating.

During this phase, your blood sugar and insulin levels start to decline, causing your body to start converting glycogen into glucose (sugar) to use as energy.

Toward the end of this phase, your body will slowly run out of liver glycogen stores and start searching for another energy source.

This intensifies lipolysis, a process in which triglycerides from fat cells are broken down into smaller molecules that can be used as an alternative source of fuel.

Your body also converts amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, into energy.

Many common forms of intermittent fasting, such as the 16/8 method, cycle between the fed state and early fasting state.

3. Fasting state

The fasting state lasts from about 18 hours to 2 days of fasting.

By this point, your glycogen stores in the liver have been depleted, and your body begins breaking down protein and fat stores for energy instead.

This results in the production of ketone bodies, a type of compound produced when your body converts fat into fuel.

This also causes your body to transition into ketosis, a metabolic state in which your body uses fat as its primary source of energy.

However, the transition into ketosis may not happen immediately as you enter the fasting state, but likely later on.

As with the fasting state in general, the size and composition of your usual diet and last meal, along with individual differences, affect how quickly you enter ketosis.

Some of the most common signs of ketosis include decreased appetite, weight loss, fatigue, bad or fruity-smelling breath, and increased levels of ketone bodies in the blood, breath, or urine.

Ketosis can also be achieved through other methods, including by following the ketogenic diet, which involves significantly decreasing your intake of carbs.

Keep in mind that ketosis is different from ketoacidosis, which is a dangerous condition that occurs when your blood becomes too acidic.

Ketoacidosis generally occurs as a result of illness, infection, or unmanaged diabetes, and unlike ketosis, it requires immediate medical attention.

Additionally, note that forms of intermittent fasting that have shorter windows of fasting ranging from 12–18 hours per day may not reach this state, as ketosis may not be achieved with fasts lasting less than 24 hours, unless you also follow a very low carb diet.

4. Long-term fasting state (starvation state)

During extended periods of fasting, your body enters the long-term fasting state, which typically occurs around 48 hours after food intake. Some people refer to this state as the starvation state.

In the long-term fasting state, insulin levels will continue to decrease and levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a type of ketone body, will steadily rise.

Your kidneys also continue to generate sugar via a process called gluconeogenesis, which serves as the main source of fuel for the brain. Ketone bodies provide energy for the brain as well at this point.

The breakdown of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which are three of the essential amino acids, is also reduced to help conserve muscle tissue in the body.