The Journey to Nationhood: Agitation of the Nigerian State from Colonial Era to Republic

Nigeria’s journey to nationhood was shaped by its colonial past, ethnic diversity, and struggles for self-determination. The pre-1960 colonial era set the stage for long-lasting challenges, while Nigeria’s path from the 1914 amalgamation to becoming a Republic in 1963 was filled with aspirations for independence. However, colonial policies left deep divisions that still affect Nigeria today.

Aspirations of a Nation: The Colonial Era and Its Consequences

  • The 1914 amalgamation of Northern and Southern protectorates, driven by British economic interests, created a diverse but fragmented Nigeria.
  • Colonial policies like indirect rule emphasized ethnic divisions, leading to deep-seated challenges that continue to affect Nigeria’s political, economic, and social structure.
  • The legacy of colonialism, including regional rivalries and exploitation, still influences Nigeria’s development today.

The Rise of Nationalism and the Struggle for Independence (1914-1960)

  • The early 1940s saw the rise of Nigerian nationalism, with political parties like NCNC, AG, and NPC pushing for self-governance.
  • The 1954 Lyttleton Constitution introduced a federal system that granted regional autonomy, intensifying ethnic divisions.
  • Nigeria gained independence in 1960, but the struggle for unity among the major regions foreshadowed the political instability of the post-independence era.

From Independence to Becoming a Republic (1960-1963)

  • Nigeria’s independence in 1960 marked a significant achievement, with Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa leading the country.
  • In 1963, Nigeria became a Republic with Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first President, symbolizing full sovereignty.
  • However, the lingering effects of ethnic and regional tensions made nation-building difficult, contributing to political instability and challenges in governance.

The agitation of the Nigerian state towards nationhood is a story of struggle, resistance, and aspirations for self-determination. From the forced amalgamation in 1914 to the declaration of a Republic in 1963, Nigeria’s journey has been marked by the complexities of uniting diverse peoples under a single national identity. While independence and the establishment of a Republic were milestones, the legacies of colonialism ethnic division, regionalism, and economic exploitation—continue to shape the nation’s political and social landscape.

As Nigeria reflects on its journey to nationhood, understanding the historical roots of its current challenges can provide insight into building a more united, equitable, and prosperous future.


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