338 BC Macedonian army led by Philip II defeats combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean
216 BC Second Punic War: Battle of Cannae – Carthaginian army lead by Hannibal defeats numerically superior Roman army under command consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro
257 St Stephen I’s death ends his reign as Catholic Pope
1057 Frederik van Lotharingen elected as 1st Belgium Pope Stephen IX [X]
1100 King William II of England (William Rufus) is killed by an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrell while hunting in the New Forest
1542 French troops leave Flanders
1552 Treaty of Passau: Emperor Charles V accepts Lutheran religion
1578 Battle of Rijmenam: Spanish Habsburg forces defeated by Dutch troops (Eighty Years’ War)
1581 Leiden University names Rudolph Snellius as math professor
1610 English explorer Henry Hudson enters the bay later named after him, the Hudson Bay
1665 French expedition against Barbarians in Tunis and Algiers
1695 Daniel Quare receives a British patent for his portable barometer
1701 Great Peace of Montreal signed between New France and North American Indian nations at urging of Huron chief Kondiaronk
1718 Austrian joins Triple Alliance
1738 France offers Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI mediation in his war against Turkey
1776 Formal signing of the US Declaration of Independence by 56 people (date most accepted by modern historians)
1782 George Washington creates Honorary Badge of Distinction
1787 Swiss alpine explorer Horace Bénédict de Saussure becomes the third person to reach the top of Mont Blanc
1790 1st US census conducted, the population was 3,939,214 including 697,624 slaves
1791 Samuel Briggs and his son granted US patent for a nail-making machine
1798 Battle of the Nile: British Royal Navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson further decimates the French fleet
1802 Napoleon Bonaparte declared “Consul for Life” after winning national referendum
1819 1st parachute jump in US by Frenchman Louis-Charles Guille over Jersey City
1830 Charles X of France abdicates in favour of his grandson the Duc de Bordeaux
1831 Ten day campaign begins, Dutch army occupies Belgium
1832 Battle of Bad Axe, Wisconsin: 1,300 Illinois militia defeat Sauk & Fox Native Americans ending the Black Hawk War in the US
1858 1st mailboxes installed in Boston and NYC streets
1858 Government of India transferred from East India Company to the British Crown
1861 Skirmish at Dug Springs, Missouri results in Union victory
1864 Saratoga Racecourse, America’s oldest Thoroughbred racetrack, opens its inaugural meet with four days of racing
1865 Lewis Carroll publishes “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”
1865 Trans Atlantic Cable being laid by SS Great Eastern between Great Britain and America snaps and is lost
1870 Tower Subway, the world’s first underground tube railway, opens in London
1873 1st trial run of San Francisco cable car, Clay Street between Kearny and Jones
1877 San Francisco Public Library opens with 5,000 volumes
1880 British Parliament officially adopts Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
1887 Chester A. Hodge of Beloit, Wisconsin, patents ‘spur’ barbed wire
1892 George A. Wheeler is granted a US patent for a prototype of the escalator
1894 Death duties 1st introduced in Britain
1894 Dutch Society for Women Suffrage gets royal charter
1903 Unsuccessful uprising of Macedonians against Turkey
1906 Chicago White Sox beat Boston Americans, 3-0 to start AL record 19 game MLB win streak
1907 Legendary pitcher Walter Johnson at 19 begins his 21 year Baseball Hall of Fame playing career with Washington with 3-2 loss v Detroit
1909 Army Air Corps formed as Army takes 1st delivery from Wright Brothers
1909 US issues 1st Lincoln penny
1911 Haiti’s dictator Simon flees on US warship near Jamaica
1912 US Open Men’s Golf, CC of Buffalo: John McDermott successfully defends title by 2 strokes from Tom McNamara
1914 Belgian government receives German ultimatum
1914 German press falsely reports that French have bombed Nuremberg
1914 German troops overthrow Luxembourg
1914 Germany and Turkey sign secret treaty of alliance
1914 Great Britain mobilizes
1914 Postdam Conference ends
1914 Russian troops invade Eastern Prussia
1916 World War I: Austrian sabotage causes the sinking of the Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci in Taranto
1918 Japan announces that it is deploying troops to Siberia in the aftermath of World War I
1920 Marcus Garvey presents his “Back To Africa” program in NYC
1921 After 3 hours deliberation a Chicago jury acquits 8 Chicago White Sox accused in Black Sox scandal; next day they are banned from organised baseball for life
1922 China is hit by a typhoon; about 60,000 die
1924 A’s 1st baseman Joe Hauser sets AL record of 14 total bases in a game; 3 HRs and a double as Philadelphia beats Cleveland Indians, 12-4 at Dunn Field
1928 Benito Mussolini signs peace treaty with Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
1929 Philadelphia 1st baseman Don Hurst sets NL record of 6 consecutive games with a HR in Phillies’ 2-0 win v Pittsburgh Pirates
1931 Spanish Catalonia agrees (99+%) for autonomous status
Camera
1932 Carl David Anderson discovers and photographs a positron, the first known antiparticle
