Today In History – July 23 – William Austin Burt Patents America’s First Typewriter

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636 Arabs gain control of most of Palestine from the Byzantine Empire

685 John V begins his reign as Catholic Pope

1148 Crusaders begin siege of Damascus during Second Crusade (abandoned 28 July)

1215 Frederick II crowned King of the Romans (King of the Germans) in Aachen

1253 Jews are expelled from Vienne, France by order of Pope Innocent IV

1298 Rindfleisch (“Beef”) Persecutions – Jewish community in Wurzburg Germany massacred

1453 Battle at Gavere: Philip the Good beats Gentse rebellion

1532 Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League sign Peace of Nuremberg

1540 Turkey recognizes Janos Sigismund Zapolyai as vassal king of Hungary

1558 Battle of Grevelingen: Lamoraal, Count of Egmont beat France

1572 William of Orange’s troops occupy Roermond on the Spanjaarden

1594 Dutch city Groningen held by Spain surrenders to Dutch and England army led by Maurice of Orange

1599 Italian painter Caravaggio gets his first public commission, the Contarelli Chapel in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome

1632 Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France

1664 4 British ships to drive Dutch out of NY, arrive in Boston

1726 Benjamin Franklin sails back to Philadelphia

1745 Charles Edward Stuart, “the Young Pretender”, lands at Eriskay Island, Hebrides

1764 James Otis publishes views on taxation without representation

1793 The Prussians conquer Mainz

1798 Napoleon Bonaparte captures Alexandria, Egypt

1803 Republican Robert Emmet leads Irish rebellion against the British Crown in Dublin

1812 Battle of Mogilev: first significant fighting during Napoleon’s invasion of Russia results in minor French victory

1827 1st US swimming school opens (Boston, Massachusetts)

Historic Invention

1829 William Austin Burt patents America’s first “typographer” (typewriter)

1833 Cornerstones are laid for the construction of the Kirtland Temple in Kirtland, Ohio

1834 HMS Beagle anchors in Bay of Valparaiso (Chile)

1840 Union Act passed by British Parliament, uniting Upper & Lower Canada

1848 Battle of Custoza-Italian War of Independence, starts

1850 17th Postmaster General: Nathan K. Hall of NY takes office

1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux signed by Sioux Indians and US

1852 Private John Brown becomes the 1st interment in the National Cemetery at the Presidio in San Francisco, California

1858 Jewish Disabilities Removal Act passed by British Parliament

1863 Alexandra Park opens in North London, England

1866 Cincinnati Baseball club (Red Stockings) forms

1868 All England Lawn Tennis Club is founded as The All England Croquet Club; 1877 name changed to The All England Croquet & Lawn Tennis Club

1870 Emperor Napoleon III appoints Empress Eugenie as Regent of France

Historic Invention

1872 African American inventor Elijah McCoy is granted a patent for lubricators for steam-engines

1874 Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos is appointed the Archbishop of the Portuguese colonial enclave of Goa

1877 1st US municipal railroad, Cincinnati Southern, begins operations

1877 1st telephone and telegraph line in Hawaii completed

1886 American civilian Steve Brodie allegedly survives plunge from Brooklyn Bridge (135-feet)

1888 John Boyd Dunlop applies to patent pneumatic tire

1900 First Pan-African Congress meets in London, organized by Trinidadian Henry Sylvester Williams, makes plea for African self-government

1900 The Canadian government reviews immigration policy, prohibiting criminals and paupers from landing in Canada

1902 Dutch Excelsior soccer club is established in Rotterdam (Eerste Divisie winners 1973-4, 78-79, 2005-06)

1994 Goodwill Games open in St Petersburg

1999 Crown Prince Mohammed Ben Al-Hassan is crowned King Mohammed VI of Morocco on the death of his father

1999 ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo, Japan.

2000 British Open Men’s Golf, Royal Lytham & St. Annes: Tiger Woods

2008 Cape Verde joins the World Trade Organization, becoming its 153rd member.

2009 Mark Buehrle of the Chicago White Sox becomes the 18th pitcher to throw a perfect game in MLB history, defeating Tampa Bay Rays 5-0

2009 The Bank of Canada announces the end of the recession even though it remains nascent and still dependent on government stimulus money

2009 42nd San Diego Comic-Con International opens at San Diego Convention Center

2010 One Direction is formed during the X Factor show as Niall Horan, Harry Styles, Liam Payne, Zayn Malik and Louis Tomlinson join together

2016 Suicide bomb in Kabul kills 80 during a protest march, Islamic State claim responsibility

2018 Japan records its highest ever temperature at 41.1 degrees (105.98F) in Kumagaya

2018 Environmental reports finds China on track to reach new emission targets, but carbon dioxide emissions risen – 9.2 billion metric tons in 2017, more than US and Europe combined

2018 250,000 doses of vaccines for children produced by a firm in China faulty according to reports in China

2018 Slum homes for 30,000 people demolished to make way for a dual carriage way in Nairobi, Kenya

2018 Dam collapses while under construction in Attapeu province, Laos, killing at least 20 with more than 100 missing

2018 First graphic novel to be nominated for a major literary prize is “Sabrina” by Nick Drnaso for Booker long list

2018 International Monetary Fund predicts inflation of 1 million percent in Venezuela by end of 2018

2020 China launches its first mission to Mars, Tianwen-1, a combined orbiter, lander and rover, from Wenchang Launch Site, Hainan Island