657 Battle of Siffin during the first Muslim civil war between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I beside Euphrates River
811 Battle of Pliska: Bulgarians under Krum beat Byzantines
920 Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at Pamplona
1267 Inquisition forms in Rome under Pope Clement IV
1309 Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V
1469 Wars of the Roses: Battle of Edgecote Moor – Pitting the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick against those of King Edward IV
1497 “Edward IV’s son” Perkin Warbeck’s army lands in Cork
1499 Spanish conquistador Alonso de Ojeda discovers Curacao Island
1519 Francisco Pizarro receives royal charter for the west coast of South America
1524 James V declared fit to govern by the Scottish Parliament
1529 Francisco Pizarro appointed Governor of Peru
1533 Francisco Pizarro orders the death of the last Sapa Inca Emperor, Atahualpa
1576 Muitende Spanish troops conquer Aalst
1579 Francis Drake leaves San Francisco to cross Pacific Ocean
1588 English Admiral John Hawkins knighted for his actions against the Armada
1609 English mathematician Thomas Harriot is the first person to draw a map of the Moon by looking through a telescope
1656 Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn declares he is insolvent
1663 French troops invade papal territory Comtat Venaissin
1678 England and Netherlands signs treaty: sending ultimatum to France
1755 Giacomo Casanova is arrested in Venice for affront to religion and common decency and imprisoned in the Doge’s Palace
1757 Battle at Hastenbeck: French army beats Duke of Cumberland
1758 British battle fleet under general James Wolfe conquers Louisbourg
1759 11,000 British troops drive a token French garrison of 400 out of Fort Ticonderoga, New York
1760 Austrian troops occupy Fort Glatz Silezie
1775 US Continental Congress creates United States Post Office (U.S.P.O.) in Philadelphia under Benjamin Franklin
1788 New York becomes 11th state to ratify US constitution
1790 US Congress passes the Funding Act of 1790 making the federal government responsible for debts incurred by the states
1803 The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world’s first public railway, opens in south London
1805 Naples/Calabria struck by Earthquake; about 26,000 die
1822 Secret meeting of Simón Bolívar and Jose de San Martin
1826 Riots in Vilnius, Lithuania cause the death of many Jews
1832 HMS Beagle anchors in Montevideo
1835 1st sugar cane plantation started in Hawaii
1847 Moses Gerrish Farmer builds 1st miniature train for children to ride
1847 The Liberian Declaration of Independence is signed making Liberia a sovereign nation, independent from the American Colonization Society
1858 Baron Lionel de Rothschild becomes the 1st Jewish person elected to the British Parliament
1863 Battle of Salineville Ohio, John Hunt Morgan and 364 troops surrender
1864 Battle at Ezra Chapel (Church), Georgia [Hood’s Third Sortie]
1865 Patrick Francis Healy is 1st African American awarded PhD (from University of Leuven, Belgium)
1865 The capital of New Zealand moves from Auckland to Wellington
1866 Canoe Club opens in England
1878 In California, poet and American West outlaw calling himself “Black Bart” makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box found later with a taunting poem inside.
1881 French marines occupy Tunisian harbor city Sfax
1882 Richard Wagner’s opera “Parsifal” premieres in Bayreuth, Germany
1887 1st Esperanto book published
1891 Henry James’ “American” premieres in London
1891 France annexes Tahiti.
1896 Vitascope Hall, 1st permanent for-profit movie theatre, opens in New Orleans
1897 37.5 cm rainfall at Jewell, Maryland (state record)
1903 1st automobile trip across the United States (San Francisco to New York) completed by Horatio Nelson Jackson and Sewall K. Crocker
1908 United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation)
