The sun is one of the best sources of vitamin D for the human body. Several factors affect how much vitamin D a person’s body can make from exposure to the sun, such as time of day, geographical location, skin color, and wearing sunscreen.

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for the body. The body needs Vitamin D to absorb calcium. Vitamin D also plays a role in bone growth, bone healing, and immune system function. However, too much sunlight comes with its own health risks.

The best source of Vitamin D is the Sun

There’s good reason why Vitamin D is called “the sunshine vitamin.”

When your skin is exposed to sunlight, it makes vitamin D from cholesterol. The sun’s ultraviolet B (UVB) rays hit cholesterol in the skin cells, providing the energy for vitamin D synthesis to occur.

Vitamin D has many roles in the body and is essential for optimal health. For example, it instructs the cells in your gut to absorb calcium and phosphorus two minerals that are essential for maintaining strong and healthy bones. On the other hand low Vitamin D levels have been linked to serious health consequences such as:

Osteoporosis

Cancer

Depression

Muscle weakness

Death

In addition, only a handful of foods contain significant amounts of vitamin D. These include cod liver oil, swordfish, salmon, canned tuna, beef liver, egg yolks and sardines. That said one would need to eat them nearly every day to get enough vitamin D.

If you do not get enough sunlight, it’s often recommended to take a supplement like cod liver oil. One tablespoon (14 grams) of cod liver oil contains more than three times the recommended daily amount of vitamin D.

It’s important to note that the sun’s UVB rays cannot penetrate through windows. So people who work next to sunny windows are still prone to vitamin D deficiency.

When best to expose your Skin to Sun

Midday, especially during summer, is the best time to get sunlight, in some parts of the world

At noon, the sun is at its highest point, and its UVB rays are most intense. That means you need less time in the sun to make sufficient vitamin D.

Many studies also show that the body is most efficient at making vitamin D at noon.

For example, in the UK, 13 minutes of midday sunlight exposure during summer three times per week is enough to maintain healthy levels among Caucasian adults.

Another study found that 30 minutes of midday summer sun exposure in Oslo, Norway was equivalent to consuming 10,000–20,000 IU of vitamin D.

The commonly recommended daily dose of vitamin D is 600 IU (15 mcg).

Not only is getting vitamin D around midday more efficient, but it might also be safer than getting sun later in the day. One study found that afternoon sun exposure may increase the risk of dangerous skin cancers.

Also how far you live from the equator also plays a major factor how much sun you are exposed to. People living in areas farther away from the equator make less Vitamin D in their skin.

In these areas, more of the sun’s rays, especially UVB rays, are absorbed by the earth’s ozone layer. So people who live farther away from the equator usually need to spend more time in the sun to produce enough. What’s more, people who live farther from the equator may not produce any vitamin D from the sun for up to six months a year during the winter months.

For example, people who live Boston, USA and Edmonton, Canada struggle to make any vitamin D from sunlight between the months of November and February.

People in Norway cannot make vitamin D from sunlight between October and March. During this time of year, it’s important that they get their vitamin D from foods and supplements instead.

Skin Color a factor for Vitamin D Production

The color of your skin is determined by a pigment called melanin.

People with darker skin typically have more melanin than people with lighter skin. What’s more, their melanin pigments are also larger and darker.

Melanin helps protect the skin against damage from excess sunlight. It acts as a natural sunscreen and absorbs the sun’s UV rays to defend against sunburn and skin cancers

However, that creates a big dilemma because darker-skinned people need to spend longer in the sun than lighter-skinned people to produce the same amount of vitamin D.

Studies estimate that darker-skinned people may need anywhere from 30 minutes to three hours longer to get sufficient vitamin D, compared to lighter-skinned people. This is a major reason why darker-skinned people have a higher risk of deficiency of Vitamin D.

For that reason, if you have dark skin, you may need to spend a bit more time in the sun to get your daily dose of vitamin D.

Expose more Skin to make more Vitamin D

Vitamin D is made from cholesterol in the skin. That means you need to expose lots of skin to the sunlight to make enough.

Some scientists recommend exposing around a third of the area of your skin to the sun.

According to this recommendation, wearing a tank top and shorts for 10–30 minutes three times per week during the summer should be sufficient for most people with lighter skin. People with darker skin may need a bit longer than this.

Just make sure to prevent burning if you’re staying in the sun for a long time. Instead, try going without sunscreen for just the first 10–30 minutes, depending on how sensitive your skin is to sunlight, and apply sunscreen before you start burning.

It’s also perfectly fine to wear a hat and sunglasses to protect your face and eyes while exposing other parts of your body. Since the head is a small part of the body, it will only produce a small amount of vitamin D.

Use of Sunscreen and Vitamin D

People use sunscreen to protect their skin against sunburns and skin cancer.

That’s because sunscreen contains chemicals that either reflect, absorb or scatter sunlight.
When this happens, the skin is exposed to lower levels of harmful UV rays

However, because UVB rays are essential for making vitamin D, sunscreen could prevent the skin from producing it.

In fact, some studies estimate that sunscreen of SPF 30 or more reduces vitamin D production in the body by about 95–98%.

However, several studies have shown that wearing sunscreen only has a small impact on your blood levels during the summer.

One possible explanation is that even though you are wearing sunscreen, staying in the sun for a longer period of time may cause enough vitamin D to be made in the skin.

That said most of these studies were conducted over a short period of time. It’s still unclear whether frequently wearing sunscreen has a long-term impact on blood vitamin D levels.

Risk of too much Sunlight

While sunlight is great for vitamin D production, too much can be dangerous. Here some consequences of too much sunlight:

Sunburns: These are the most common harmful effect of too much sunlight. Symptoms of a sunburn include redness, swelling, pain or tenderness and blisters

Eye damage: Long-term exposure to UV light can damage the retina. This can increase the risk of eye diseases like cataracts.

Aging skin: Spending too long in the sun can cause your skin to age faster. Some people develop more wrinkled, loose or leathery skin.

Skin changes: Freckles, moles and other skin changes can be a side effect of excess sunlight exposure.

Heat stroke: Also known as sunstroke, this is a condition in which the body’s core temperature may rise due to too much heat or sun exposure

Skin cancer: Too much UV light is a major cause of skin cancers.

If you plan on spending a lot of time in the sun, make sure to avoid getting sunburned.

It’s best to apply sunscreen after 10–30 minutes of unprotected sun exposure to avoid the harmful consequences of excess sunlight. Your exposure time should depend on how sensitive your skin is to sunlight.

Note that experts recommend reapplying sunscreen every two to three hours you spend in the sun, especially if you’re sweating or bathing.

After all said, it is worthy to note, that sunlight remains the best source of Vitamin D, but be careful not to expose yourself to too much sunlight so as to avoid sunburn or even worse conditions like skin cancer.